175 CE · Luoyang · Han Dynasty
熹平石經
The Xiping Stone Classics — the world's first act of data governance.
For centuries, the Confucian classics survived only as hand-copied scrolls. After generations of transcription, no two copies fully agreed. Schools disputed single characters, errors compounded silently, and a scholar's career could turn on which version he had learned.
The scholar Cai Yong petitioned Emperor Ling to end the drift. Over eight years, the corrected, authoritative text of the seven classics was carved into forty-six stone steles and erected before the Imperial Academy.
When the steles were unveiled, history records that more than a thousand carriages a day crowded the streets — scholars coming to copy from the stone and correct their own texts against it.
One certified source. Carved once. Read by everyone. Trusted completely.